The New York Jewish Travel Guide (NYJTG) recently had the privilege of conversing with Moshe Rubin, Chief Rabbi of Scotland, to ask a few questions about Jewish life and the community in Scotland. The following interview was edited for clarity:

NYJTG: Thank you, Rabbi, for taking the time. Would you mind providing a brief introduction to yourself? Moreover, I’m curious to learn about your tenure in Glasgow and the reasons behind your decision to relocate here. Can you provide an overview of Glasgow’s Jewish community and its history?

I am originally from the United States; I spent my formative years there until our family’s journey took us to Israel after my Bar Mitzvah. Immersed in the vibrant culture and deep traditions of Israel, we then ventured to Manchester, where my father assumed the esteemed role of a rabbi, guiding and serving the local Jewish community.

At the age of 20, I found myself marrying a British woman, and together we embarked on a new chapter in Glasgow. Our keen interest in studying at a Kollel and deepening our knowledge of Jewish law and culture inspired us to select this Scottish city as our permanent home.

The passage of time has seen us grow and evolve within the Orthodox Jewish tradition. In America, Orthodoxy often implies strict adherence to religious laws governing Shabbat observance and dietary practices. However, in the British context, Orthodoxy encompasses a wider spectrum, accommodating varying levels of observance, akin to Conservative or Reform Judaism in the States.

My community is not a Haredi community. However, we have our own synagogue, which boasts several hundred members. While I won’t delve into specific figures, our congregation is not overly large. Nevertheless, our synagogue comes alive every Shabbat morning, with the minyan gathering three times a day. On Shabbat mornings, we often see around 120 individuals joining us for prayer, creating a peaceful yet bustling atmosphere as they come and go from the synagogue. It’s not just about the numbers in attendance but also the depth of connection and shared devotion that permeate our gatherings.

Indeed, our synagogue is bustling with activity—a testament to the strong sense of community we foster. This commitment to community is deeply intertwined with our affiliation, which is rooted in tradition. Many of our members uphold personal traditions, such as hosting Friday night dinners and lighting Shabbat candles, adding to the richness of our shared experience.

Reflecting on the broader community in Glasgow, there has been a noticeable shift over the years. When we first arrived, the Jewish community thrived, numbering between six and seven thousand individuals. However, as time has passed, the community has experienced a decline in size, with the current population estimated to be around 3000 people. Despite this change, our dedication to preserving and celebrating our Jewish heritage remains unwavering.

The Giffnock Synagogue, New York Jewish Travel Guide

NYJTG: What role do Hebrew schools play in the education and cultural preservation efforts of the Jewish community in Garnet Hill and Giffnock? What specific educational programs or initiatives does Garnet Hill Synagogue offer to promote Jewish learning and engagement among its members? What do the kids do during the summer? Do you have summer camps?

Today, the landscape looks quite different from the past. When we first arrived, my focus shifted towards integrating our family into the Kollel community. Alongside our daily study commitments, my wife and I took on the responsibility of educating the community’s children. From 4:30 to 6:00 PM on weekdays and from 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM on Sundays, we dedicated ourselves to teaching the youth.

At the time, the community’s educational infrastructure primarily revolved around the local Jewish elementary school, known as the primary school. Catering to children from nursery age up to 11 or 12 years old, the school upheld an Orthodox ethos. While most students adhered to Shabbat observance, there were occasional exceptions.

Our role extended beyond the confines of the school day. Recognizing the need for supplementary Jewish education, we offered after-school classes that delved deeper into Jewish traditions, particularly focusing on aspects such as Shabbat observance.

As the children progressed through primary school, the options for further Jewish education became limited. With no Jewish high school available locally, the Kollel assumed the responsibility of filling this void, supplementing the children’s education with additional Jewish studies.

However, over the years, the community has undergone significant changes. Many B’nai Akiva children, nurtured within our educational programs, eventually migrated to Israel with their families. Consequently, our community experienced a decline in numbers and a shift in demographics.

In the broader educational landscape of Glasgow, both private and state-run schools coexist. Remarkably, state-funded schools here can offer Jewish education alongside secular studies—an opportunity unavailable in many other countries. Our local Jewish school operates within a unique framework of state sponsorship, where secular education receives funding from the government, ensuring quality academic standards. However, the school maintains its independence for Jewish studies, allowing for a comprehensive curriculum that encompasses Jewish traditions and values. This balance enables students to receive a well-rounded education that honors both their cultural heritage and their academic development.

Despite being a state school, our institution welcomes children of all faiths, fostering diversity within its walls. This inclusivity necessitates a comprehensive curriculum that encompasses Jewish traditions and customs, regardless of the students’ religious backgrounds.

Remarkably, our school recently underwent a transformation, relocating to a new joint campus alongside a Catholic school. While each institution operates independently, this shared space underscores the spirit of coexistence and mutual respect.

My journey within the community took an unexpected turn when Rabbi Bernstein, the synagogue’s cantor and a Holocaust survivor, retired shortly after our arrival. Stepping into his shoes, I gradually assumed more responsibilities within the synagogue, eventually becoming its senior rabbi—a role that has expanded to encompass leadership within the broader Scottish Jewish community.

Reflecting on our trajectory, it’s clear that our commitment to serving the community, both in education and religious leadership, has been instrumental in our longevity and continued relevance. From our humble beginnings in the Kollel to our present roles, it’s been a journey defined by dedication and service to our community.

In America, summer camps typically last for two weeks. However, here, the culture differs. Most children at the school enjoy a six-week-long holiday.

Annually, our community orchestrates a cherished two-week camp, a testament to our commitment to fostering camaraderie and enriching experiences among our youth. Moreover, our vibrant youth group offers a 10-day Jewish camp, providing additional opportunities for spiritual growth and communal bonding. These initiatives reflect our dedication to nurturing the next generation of leaders and preserving our cherished traditions for years to come. These camps vary in duration, spanning from 10 days to two weeks. For older children around 15 years old, there’s an option for a month-long summer tour in Israel.

Unlike the concept of a two-month-long camp, families here usually go on holiday together for a week or two. Additionally, the community hosts a day camp to provide further activities for children during the summer break.

The Giffnock Synagogue, New York Jewish Travel Guide

NYJTG: Regarding holiday celebrations, how are major Jewish holidays like Hanukkah, Purim, and Simchat Torah celebrated in our community? Are there outdoor events or special traditions, such as street closures for dancing? Shabbat Yom Huledet birthday kiddush for kids is something I find fascinating each month. Can you share more about it? Also, I’d like to know about the Rebbetzin Rubin initiative and the mother-and-toddler group it created.

Rabbi Rubin: For Hanukkah, while we don’t have an outdoor menorah like in Edinburgh, we celebrate all Jewish festivals here. Passover is more family-oriented, and although we don’t dance in the streets for Purim and Simchat Torah due to the cold, we have lively celebrations inside the synagogue with everyone, including children. This year, we had a vibrant Purim community party at the synagogue with activities for all ages, and during Hanukkah, every day was filled with different events and community gatherings.

Almost every day of the week is filled with various community activities. On Mondays, we host the Boy Scouts, and similarly, the Girl Guides meet on Mondays as well. Tuesdays bring together older members of our Friendship Club, where they enjoy tea and conversation. Wednesdays and Thursdays are dedicated to study sessions, with separate sessions for women hosted by my wife and myself. Thursday mornings see mothers and toddlers gathering to socialize while enjoying tea together.

Every Shabbat, we come together for Kiddush. Our community is bustling with activity, with our synagogue and school at its heart. We’re also actively involved in providing support through organizations like Jewish Care Scotland, which caters to the needs of the elderly and others requiring assistance. Mental health support is also available through Jewish Care.

The Youth Alliance organizes a range of activities and initiatives tailored to the diverse needs and interests of young people in our community. Additionally, Cosgrave of Care, originally founded by members of the Jewish community, has expanded its scope to offer support to a broader demographic. It now provides specialized care for children with mental disabilities, encompassing conditions such as autism and Down syndrome.

We also engage in acts of kindness, such as visiting hospitals through Bikkur Holim. As a senior rabbi, my days are indeed always full but rewarding.

NYJTG: Could you elaborate on the demographics of the synagogue members? I’m interested in learning about their origins, age distribution, backgrounds, and places of origin.

Rabbi Rubin: We do indeed have a presence of young people in our community, although they don’t constitute the majority. It’s estimated that our local school caters to approximately 100 Jewish children, highlighting a significant portion of youth. However, the demographic makeup leans more towards older individuals, typically ranging from their 50s to their 80s or even older.

Every year, there’s a modest return of young adults to the community, often after completing their studies in cities like Manchester, London, Leeds, or Birmingham. Despite the allure of larger urban centers, some find themselves drawn back to our community due to factors such as lower living costs and the presence of family. However, this return flow remains limited, with only a handful of individuals reintegrating into our community annually, indicating that we’re not experiencing substantial growth in terms of population.

Delving into our historical background, our community boasts a rich heritage dating back to the mid-1800s. Initially, immigrants from Russia and Lithuania sought refuge from persecution and sought better prospects here. This influx of immigrants laid the foundation for our community’s early growth and development.

In the early 1900s, another significant wave of immigration occurred, particularly through the Kindertransport program from Germany. This program facilitated the rescue of thousands of Jewish children, many of whom later became integral members of our community. Among them were Holocaust survivors who found solace and a new beginning within our midst.

While our community’s origins are diverse, a considerable portion of our members trace their roots back to regions such as Russia, Romania, and neighboring areas. This rich tapestry of backgrounds contributes to the cultural richness and vibrancy of our community, ensuring a sense of inclusivity and belonging for all who call it home.

The Giffnock Synagogue, New York Jewish Travel Guide

NYJTG: How does the Glasgow community observe Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom HaShoah)? Are there particular events or educational initiatives dedicated to commemorating and honoring the memory of the Holocaust within the community?

Rabbi Rubin: Our community established something called the Gathering of the Voices, where Holocaust survivors in Scotland were interviewed to document their stories. These recordings are now shared in schools, churches, and even at the Scottish Parliament to educate others about the Holocaust. Each year, we hold a Yom HaShoah service to remember the victims. Additionally, Scottish High School sends hundreds of students to the Holocaust Museum, Auschwitz, and Birkenau for educational purposes.

On January 25th, local authorities come together for Holocaust Memorial Day, featuring various speakers. We also participate in national commemorations, like last year’s event held in the Scottish Parliament. These events not only honor Holocaust victims but also shed light on other genocides, such as those in Rwanda and Bosnia, contributing to a broader understanding of history and human rights.

NYJTG: Are there any significant historical sites or landmarks in Glasgow that hold importance to the Jewish community and its history?

 Rabbi Rubin: Recently, the Glasgow authorities undertook the restoration of an 18th-century cemetery that had been completely forgotten. Located in the heart of the city center, it has become a point of interest for visitors, showcasing a few visible tombs. In addition to this cemetery, Glasgow boasts several others. One notable site is the Holocaust memorial statue found in a Jewish cemetery. Our synagogue is adorned with exquisite stained-glass windows, each meticulously crafted by the talented artist John Clark. These windows, distinguished by their unique style, add a touch of beauty and elegance to our sacred space, enriching the spiritual atmosphere for worshippers and visitors alike. Originally commissioned for a gallery, these windows now grace our synagogue.

Regarding cemeteries, there are currently active Reform and Orthodox sites. Within our community, there are several Orthodox cemeteries, each with its own significance and management. Glenduffhill Cemetery is under the stewardship of the Glasgow Hebrew Burial Society, a longstanding institution dedicated to preserving Jewish burial traditions. Additionally, Cathcart Cemetery falls under the jurisdiction of the local council, ensuring that our sacred burial grounds receive the care and respect they deserve. Additionally, there’s the Acropolis, situated behind Glasgow Cathedral, specifically the Western Acropolis, where Rabbi Rubinstein, an esteemed figure in our community, is buried. Initially, that section served as the original Jewish cemetery before expanding into a larger burial ground.

Interestingly, the first Jewish cemetery in Glasgow was initially forgotten. It wasn’t until recent restoration efforts by the Glasgow City Council that its significance was rediscovered. Initial work revealed a small section of Jewish gravestones, marking the site’s historical importance within a larger non-Jewish cemetery. It’s a significant historical site worth visiting.

Glasgow Necropolis, New York Jewish Travel Guide

 NYJTG: Earlier, we discussed a Jewish population of 6,000, and now it’s 3,000. Are there signs of individuals relocating to Israel or other cities in the UK?

Rabbi Rubin: Over the years, Glasgow, and Scotland, especially Glasgow, have witnessed a decline in population numbers. However, there are signs now of a stabilization in the overall population. This stands in stark contrast to the bustling heyday of Scotland and Glasgow in the 1950s and 1960s, when the Jewish community thrived with approximately 15,000 members. Back then, the streets were filled with numerous Jewish butchers and bustling establishments catering to Jewish life. However, today, the Jewish population has dwindled significantly, with only around 3,000 Jews remaining.

When I first arrived in Glasgow, there were five orthodox synagogues catering to the community’s religious needs. One of these synagogues, the Orthodox shul, now only opens its doors on Shabbat mornings. It is nestled in Garnet Hill, a neighborhood distinguished not only for its religious significance but also for housing vital institutions such as the Scottish Holocaust Study Center, the Scottish Jewish Archives, and the Garnet Hill Refugee Trail. Despite the decline in population, the Jewish community remains dedicated to preserving its rich heritage and history through these essential institutions.

NYJTG: What challenges and opportunities do the Jewish community encounter in Scotland?

Rabbi Rubin: The challenge of numbers persists, as it’s tough to entice people back to Glasgow with only one kosher shop, Marks Deli, and L Chaim Restaurant and Caterers available. Compared to London or Manchester, our options are significantly fewer and inferior. London’s bustling Jewish social scene, complete with multiple Jewish schools and an array of kosher eateries, was a stark contrast during my recent visit. The scarcity of such amenities here reflects the absence of a critical mass within our community, limiting our influence in promoting non-Jewish activities.

On the flip side, there are numerous and superior opportunities available. The quieter, more relaxed lifestyle, coupled with the rise of remote work, makes Glasgow an attractive destination for those seeking a better work-life balance. Our elementary school, renowned for its excellence, provides a nurturing environment conducive to academic growth. Furthermore, the close-knit community fosters strong social bonds, ensuring that everyone is familiar with one another, leading to greater unity despite occasional community politics.

Scotland’s distinct political landscape, featuring its own parliament and devolved powers, offers ample opportunities for community engagement and influence. Despite some political leanings that may be anti-Israel, there are channels for advocacy and support. The accessibility of government officials due to Scotland’s size facilitates direct communication and collaboration on various issues, even amidst global conflicts.

While challenges persist due to limited amenities and community size, Scotland offers a tranquil lifestyle and superior opportunities for community engagement within its unique political context, setting it apart favorably from larger urban centers like London.

NYJTG: How has the landscape of anti-Semitism shifted, particularly since the events of October 7th in Israel? What strategies or initiatives are in place to combat anti-Semitism and foster tolerance within the Jewish community in Glasgow?

Rabbi Rubin: In our locale, we have the Glasgow Jewish Representative Council, which serves as a vocal advocate for our community, addressing issues as they arise. Additionally, there’s the SCoJeC (Scottish Council of Jewish Communities), wielding considerable influence within the Scottish Parliament. They actively confront instances of anti-Semitism, engaging in dialogue and advocacy efforts. While we may not encounter as much local resistance, external influences from London, England, and Manchester sometimes pose challenges. However, our community remains resilient, actively campaigning against discriminatory practices.

Our relationships with governmental bodies, including the Scottish Government, and with various faith communities, such as the Muslim faith, are generally positive. Though opposition persists, we are fortunate to have strong advocates and allies across different sectors of society. While the issue persists, it’s not a novel challenge, echoing broader trends seen in London and other metropolitan areas.

Memorial Gardens at the Giffnock Synagogue, New York Jewish Travel Guide

NYJTG: In what ways does the Jewish community engage in interfaith dialogues and initiatives with members of other faith communities?? What strategies are employed?

Rabbi Rubin: Interfaith Scotland plays a pivotal role in organizing regular meetings and dialogues where members of diverse faith communities come together. Additionally, whenever discussions regarding Scottish legislation occur, Interfaith Scotland seeks input from various religious perspectives, including ours. This fosters a robust and constructive exchange of views. Since the events of October 7, we’ve intensified efforts to engage with the Muslim community, recognizing the importance of preventing tensions from escalating within our communities.

Just today, a Muslim leader reached out, expressing concern for my family in Israel amidst recent events. This demonstrates ongoing efforts to connect and support one another across religious lines. Of course, it’s not without its challenges; issues arise, particularly on university campuses and within local authorities. Recently, there’s been debate about displaying a Palestinian flag. In such instances, we advocate for understanding the potential impact on the Jewish community’s sense of safety. Thankfully, our voices are often heard, fostering a climate of mutual respect and dialogue.

NYJTG: Looking towards the future, what are some of the community’s goals and aspirations for maintaining its vibrancy and relevance in the years to come?

Rabbi Rubin: There’s currently a significant discussion underway regarding planning for the future, especially concerning the youth and their Jewish identity. A key aspect of this identity is a strong love for the State of Israel, known as Zionism. Glasgow’s Jewish community has historically been very Zionist, although enthusiasm has fluctuated in recent years. However, recent events in Israel have reignited this passion.

Being a Zionist is considered a vital part of Jewish identity, and efforts are underway to reinforce this perspective. Strengthening our identity involves hard work, particularly given the challenge of generational disconnection. Many descendants of Glasgow’s Jewish immigrants have become increasingly distant from their Jewish roots.

Education plays a crucial role in reconnecting individuals with their heritage and fostering a sense of pride and belonging within the community. Efforts are being made to educate and engage people, ensuring they feel connected and invested in their Jewish identity.

For additional information:

Authored by Meyer Harroch, New York Jewish Travel Guide.com, and New York Jewish Guide.com

For thorough assistance in arranging your kosher excursion to Scotland, connect with Kosher Scotland. Visit their website at https://kosherscotland.com/ or email them at office@kosherscotland.com for all the essential details.